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Lesson 1: Web Foundations (HTML, CSS, JavaScript)

isaac March 12, 2026

Clean flat-vector infographic for an article header showing a left-to-right pipeline: a user typing a web address into a browser window → labeled arrow “HTTP request” to a simple server/cloud icon → arrow back labeled “HTML, CSS, JS files” with three distinct file icons (HTML with  tag, CSS with brush/swatches, JS with curly braces). On the right a browser-rendering scene uses a three-layer stack: bottom “HTML — Structure” (semantic tags, small HTML snippet, DOM tree diagram), middle “CSS — Presentation” (layout grid, color swatches, small stylesheet snippet), top “JavaScript — Behavior” (event/click icon, arrow updating DOM, small script snippet). Concise callouts and arrows label “Files received”, “Parsing & rendering”, and “DOM updated on events”. A sidebar checklist box with check icons lists: Clean markup · Separation of concerns · Sensible naming · Consistent formatting · Basic interactivity. Small icon row shows accessibility (wheel/ARIA), responsive design (phone+desktop), and performance (speedometer). Landscape layout, top header with concise subtitle “How browsers, servers, and the three web technologies work together”, modern bright blues and teals with orange accents, lots of white space, legible sans-serif labels, minimal shadows, vector pictograms, clear arrows and callouts suitable for an educational article infographic.

Everything you build on the web sits on a few core foundations. In this lesson, you will learn how websites are delivered to a browser, and how to create pages that are well-structured, well-styled, and interactive. These skills form the base for all the more advanced work later in the course, including responsive design, accessibility, performance, and deployment.

You will start by looking at what happens when you type a web address into a browser: how the browser and server communicate, what files are sent back, and how the browser turns those files into a visible page. With that understanding, you will then build pages using the three key technologies of the web:

  • HTML to create correct structure and meaningful content (not just “what it looks like”, but what it is).
  • CSS to control presentation, layout, spacing, and visual hierarchy using modern, practical techniques.
  • JavaScript to add behaviour, respond to user actions, and update the page through the DOM.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to build a simple webpage from scratch with clean markup, a clear layout, and basic interactivity such as handling clicks, form input, or showing/hiding content. You will also practise habits that make your code easier to maintain, including sensible naming, consistent formatting, and separating structure (HTML), style (CSS), and behaviour (JavaScript).